"Khiuⁿ-kháu chha"? "Hong-giân"? "Dialect"?

Khòaⁿ tio̍h lâng tī Bīn-chheh teh thó-lūn. Chit ê tê-bo̍k mā kài chhù-bī. Tong-jiân lán mā chai-iáⁿ kóng hong-giân sī Tiong-hong te̍k-pia̍t cháu ·chhut ·lâi ê gí-sû, Eng-gí āu-lâi mā ū topolect ê hoan-e̍k. M̄ koh dialect tàu-té beh án-ná e̍k chò Tâi-gí? Khiuⁿ-kháu chha kám hó?

Nā ùi Eng-gí / La-tín ê kak-tō͘ lâi khòaⁿ, dialect kî-si̍t tō sī "tùi-ōe" ê ì-sù.

  • dia-: across, between, chhiūⁿ "across the street diagonally" (tùi-bīn ê ì-sù).
  • -lect: speak

Só͘-í kóng, dialect goân-té ê ì-sù kî-si̍t sī, sui-jiân im khó-lêng sió-khóa bô kâng, iáu ū hoat-tō͘ tùi-ōe.

Āu lâi, chia ê "cheng-chha" pún-sin mā hông hō chò "dialect", m̄ koh chit ê tēng-gī bô kài ha̍p-lí, tō sī chit-má í-keng koàn-sì án-ne kóng.

Ah hit phiⁿ kiàn-gī iōng "giân-gí piàn thé", ā sī "giân piàn". Che mā bē bái, m̄ koh góa siūⁿ "khiuⁿ-kháu chha" tō chhău kàu ūi ·a. Khiuⁿ-kháu ū chha, m̄ koh iáu ū hoat-tō͘ tùi-ōe. "Giân piàn" bô tek-khak í-keng piàn kah thiaⁿ lóng bô, bô hoat-tō͘ tùi-ōe.

Ta̍k-ke khòaⁿ siáⁿ khoán?

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Chioh-mn̄g chi̍t-ê khó-lêng chiok ki-chhó͘ ê būn-tê: it-poaⁿ kóng khiuⁿ-kháu-chha kám-ū pau-koa ēng-sû ê cheng-chha? Ia̍h-sī kan-na kāng phoneme bô-kāng hoat-im? Nā ū, khak-si̍t khiuⁿ-kháu-chha to̍h chiok sêng dialect ·ah.

Lēng-gōa, góa kò-jîn kám-kak "giân-gí piàn-thé/giân piàn" khóaⁿ-liáu khah sêng: úi khiuⁿ-kháu-chha kàu ián-piàn chò bô sio-thong ê gí-giân chit kui chōa lō͘ ê chōng-hóng lóng ē-sái án-ne kóng.

Dialect sī uē, language sī gí. Uē m̄-sī gí ê subset.

Kāng gí-hē tāi-piáu gí-giân-ha̍k tīng-gī ū kāng khí-guân.

Uē sī tē-hng khiunn-kháu.

Gí sī ū tsìng-tī íng-hióng-li̍k ê tsi̍t-tīn uē.

方言 kó͘chá sī siongtuì 官話. 朝廷 bô leq ēng ·ê wēgí lóng sī 方言. Āulâi, Ji̍dpúnlâng thê·khì huane̍g "dialect".

Linguistics tuì bôkâng "language" ê tēnggī sī bôhuadtō͘ ko͘thong. Ūhuadto͘·ê tiōsī "dialect". Tâiwânwē hōchò khiuⁿkháu a̍qsī kháu'im.

Sīkóng, Tâiwânwē tuì "language" chāilâi·ê kónghuad èngkai sī "wēgí", m̄sī "gígiân".

Bô liáu-kái lí ê tô͘, kám ē sái sió-khóa-á kái-soeh chi̍t ē?

Chiàu góa ê lí-kái, ta̍k-ke sī án-ne teh kóng bô m̄ tio̍h.

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Góa lóng kóng khiuⁿ-kháu chha, a̍h-sī bô kāng kóng-hoat.

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我若無記毋著,dialect是"方言"無錯,毋過後來英文出現ê新詞"topolect"(1991)koh較合中文teh講ê的「方言」。

因為topolect = topo- (源自τόπος tópos; "place") + -lect (variety of language,源自λέγω légō "I speak"),意思就是「置tsi̍tê所在講ê話」。

"dialect"雖然講是ùi拉津Lah-tin文(拉丁Latin文)來ê,伊ê源頭其實是希臘文:διάλεκτος(源頭 = διά dia "inter", "through" + λέγω),意思是:

  • 對話、交談
  • 隻ê國家/所在ê話(源自隻ê主要ê語言)→ 隻ê語言ê變體,差不多就是「方言」
  • 隻ê民族/社會族群ê話(源自隻ê主要ê語言)→ 隻ê語言ê變體

所以置台文內底beh翻譯"dialect"時,愛看內容來決定愛翻隻ê:「方言」,抑是「(語言)變體」。

兩款話,會通ê會使號作「腔口差」(←較specifictsing-khak)抑是「變體」;若是未通,就是「變體」(但是毋是「腔口差」)。


毋管是「方言」抑是「dialect」,定義攏真看儂(尤其有時是權力者)。

Spanish佮Portuegusetsit兩ê變體會通(佮「腔口差」有隻屑á差不多),毌過一般是「兩款語言」,毌是「兩ê方言」。

閩南語佮廣東á話是未通ê「兩款語言」,煞去hōoKina號作「兩ê方言」。

若講「宜蘭腔」是「台語ê方言」,遮應該無毋著;若beh講「鹿港腔」是「鹿港遐ê方言」mā講會通(mutual intelligible);毋過若講「台語是華語ê方言」,(* ^ # * ^*$W&T^&*G^G!!) 絕對毋著。 ← Ah毋過卻未少儂按nē講。́ḰŚⁿŜ

Guá jīn-uî sóo-ū ê natual language tī Tâi-gí lāi-té lóng hō tsò . Ū tsìng-tī íng-hióng-li̍k政治影響力 ê uē tsiah sī .

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